Soal Bahasa Inggris yang diujikan pada hari kedua ujian nasional (Unas) ternyata tidak sesulit yang dibayangkan. Soal listening dan bacaan yang cukup jelas dan mudah dipahami menjadikan siswa optimis bisa memenuhi standar kelulusan yang sudah ditentukan. Bahkan dari 50 soal yang diujikan mereka mengaku bisa mengerjakan 35 soal lebih.
Hal itu dikemukakan oleh sejumlah siswa SMA/MA dan SMK di Kayaked pada KR Selasa (21/4).
Laela Nur Fatimah siswa kelas XII IPS MAN 1 Yogyakarta mengatakan, soal Bahasa Inggris yang diujikan pada hari kedua cukup mudah (tidak sesulit soal try out). Bahkan dari 50 soal yang diujikan Laela, optimis bisa mengerjakan 35 soal. “Untungnya soal Bahasa Inggris yang diujikan tidak terlalu sulit, sehingga saya bisa sedikit lega. Mudah-mudahan soal Matematikanya juga mudah, jadi nilai saya bisa bagus,” ungkapnya.
Laela menyatakan, dari beberapa soal yang diujikan, soal Matematika dianggap paling sulit. Untuk mengatasi persoalan itu selain banyak mengerjakan soal latihan, Laela juga berdoa dengan harapan saat ujian nanti bisa lebih tenang.
“Walaupun satu hari hanya satu mata pelajaran, tapi untuk Matematika saya tetap deg-degan,” ujarnya.
Komentar serupa diungkapkan Nina Rochana siswa SMKN 4 Yogyakarta. Menurutnya, soal ujian Bahasa Inggris tergolong gampang. Sehingga dirinya cukup yakin akan memperoleh nilai bagus untuk mapel ini. Padahal awalnya ia mengaku cukup dheg-dhegan saat akan mengerjakan soal. “Daripada Bahasa Indonesia kemarin, soal Bahasa Inggrisnya lebih mudah. Semua soal bisa saya kerjakan. Soal listening juga jelas, sehingga gampang dipahami. Kalau untuk Bahasa Inggris, optimis bisa mendapatkan nilai bagus,” ucap Nina.
Dikatakan, dirinya juga mendapatkan sisa waktu yang cukup banyak, karena semua soal bisa dirampungkan dengan cepat. Meski demikian, siswa baru diizinkan keluar ruangan setelah bel berbunyi.
Hal senada diungkap Bonaventura Arya, siswa SMA Pangudi Luhur Yogya. Meski bobot soal agak sulit, namun dirinya yakin setidaknya 70 persen dari soal yang disajikan bisa dikerjakan dengan benar. “Tidak terlalu sulit kok, ya optimis 70 persen benar,” ungkap Arya. Menurutnya, dalam soal Bahasa Inggris tersebut, yang dirasa paling sulit adalah soal-soal bacaan. Sementara untuk listening tidak ada gangguan saat mengerjakan, semua berjalan dengan lancar. “Besok (hari ini -Red) yang bikin khawatir, soalnya Matematika,” paparnya.
Lain halnya dengan Maryanto, siswa jurusan Teknik Otomotif di SMK Tamansiswa Yogya yang mengaku soal Bahasa Inggris relatif cukup sulit bila dibandingkan dengan ujian Bahasa Indonesia. Meski begitu, ia cukup optimis akan bisa mendapatkan hasil bagus karena waktu yang disediakan relatif memadai.
“Yang cukup sulit pada soal-soal listening,” ujar Maryanto. Dikatakan, materi soal dalam bentuk listening membutuhkan konsentrasi lebih banyak bila dibandingkan dengan materi soal dalam bentuk bacaan atau grammer. Tentunya, waktu yang tersedia banyak tersita untuk mengerjakan soal-soal listening.
Komentar serupa diungkapkan Septiana Siswiandaru dari SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Yogya, mengatakan, soal Bahasa Inggris cukup sulit, namun dia bersyukur bisa mengerjakannya. Ia berharap jawaban yang diisikan bisa betul dan akan lulus dengan nilai yang bagus. Diakuinya, mata pelajaran Bahasa Inggris merupakan ‘momok’ bagi dirinya. Beruntung ketika soal listening suara kaset jernih, sehingga memudahkannya dalam memahami soal.
Sementara itu, meski baru saja menjalani operasi, Dea Pramayu Fatonah, siswi SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Yogya, tetap bertekad mengikuti Unas. Karena kondisinya yang belum pulih, pihak sekolah memberi ruangan tersendiri untuk Dea di ruang UKS. Dea mengerjakan soal Unas sambil tiduran. Orangtuanya pun menunggui di halaman. Begitu selesai mengerjakan soal ujian pada hari kedua Selasa (21/4), oleh kedua orangtuanya, Dea langsung dibawa ke rumah sakit karena masih dalam tahap rawat jalan.
Menurut Kepala SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Yogyakarta Emiyati Ismail BA yang didampingi Ketua Unas M Imron SPd dan Humas Misbah Nurdin, pihak sekolah SMK Muhammadiyah 4 Yogya tempat mereka bertugas merupakan SMK dengan kompetensi keahlian Tata Busana. Ada 40 siswi yang mengikuti Unas menggunakan 2 lokal dan khusus untuk Dea menempati ruang UKS.
Sumber: www.kr.co.id
22 April 2009
Scientists Discover A Nearly Earth-Sized Planet
HATFIELD, England – In the search for Earth-like planets, astronomers zeroed in Tuesday on two places that look awfully familiar to home. One is close to the right size. The other is in the right place. European researchers said they not only found the smallest exoplanet ever, called Gliese 581 e, but realized that a neighboring planet discovered earlier, Gliese 581 d, was in the prime habitable zone for potential life.
"The Holy Grail of current exoplanet research is the detection of a rocky, Earth-like planet in the 'habitable zone,'" said Michel Mayor, an astrophysicist at Geneva University in Switzerland.
An American expert called the discovery of the tiny planet "extraordinary."
Gliese 581 e is only 1.9 times the size of Earth — while previous planets found outside our solar system are closer to the size of massive Jupiter, which NASA says could swallow more than 1,000 Earths.
Gliese 581 e sits close to the nearest star, making it too hot to support life. Still, Mayor said its discovery in a solar system 20 1/2 light years away from Earth is a "good example that we are progressing in the detection of Earth-like planets."
Scientists also discovered that the orbit of planet Gliese 581 d, which was found in 2007, was located within the "habitable zone" — a region around a sun-like star that would allow water to be liquid on the planet's surface, Mayor said.
He spoke at a news conference Tuesday at the University of Hertfordshire during the European Week of Astronomy and Space Science.
Gliese 581 d is probably too large to be made only of rocky material, fellow astronomer and team member Stephane Udry said, adding it was possible the planet had a "large and deep" ocean.
"It is the first serious 'water-world' candidate," Udry said.
Mayor's main planet-hunting competitor, Geoff Marcy of the University of California, Berkeley, praised the find of Gliese 581 e as "the most exciting discovery" so far of exoplanets — planets outside our solar system.
"This discovery is absolutely extraordinary," Marcy told The Associated Press by e-mail, calling the discoveries a significant step in the search for Earth-like planets.
While Gliese 581 e is too hot for life "it shows that nature makes such small planets, probably in large numbers," Marcy commented. "Surely the galaxy contains tens of billions of planets like the small, Earth-mass one announced here."
Nearly 350 planets have been found outside our solar system, but so far nearly every one of them was found to be extremely unlikely to harbor life.
Most were too close or too far from their sun, making them too hot or too cold for life. Others were too big and likely to be uninhabitable gas giants like Jupiter. Those that are too small are highly difficult to detect in the first place.
Both Gliese 581 d and Gliese 581 e are located in constellation Libra and orbit around Gliese 581.
Like other planets circling that star — scientists have discovered four so far — Gliese 581 e was found using the European Southern Observatory's telescope in La Silla, Chile.
The telescope has a special instrument which splits light to find wobbles in different wavelengths. Those wobbles can reveal the existence of other worlds.
"It is great work and shows the potential of this detection method," said Lisa Kaltenegger, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
___
Associated Press Science Writer Seth Borenstein contributed to this report from Washington.
"The Holy Grail of current exoplanet research is the detection of a rocky, Earth-like planet in the 'habitable zone,'" said Michel Mayor, an astrophysicist at Geneva University in Switzerland.
An American expert called the discovery of the tiny planet "extraordinary."
Gliese 581 e is only 1.9 times the size of Earth — while previous planets found outside our solar system are closer to the size of massive Jupiter, which NASA says could swallow more than 1,000 Earths.
Gliese 581 e sits close to the nearest star, making it too hot to support life. Still, Mayor said its discovery in a solar system 20 1/2 light years away from Earth is a "good example that we are progressing in the detection of Earth-like planets."
Scientists also discovered that the orbit of planet Gliese 581 d, which was found in 2007, was located within the "habitable zone" — a region around a sun-like star that would allow water to be liquid on the planet's surface, Mayor said.
He spoke at a news conference Tuesday at the University of Hertfordshire during the European Week of Astronomy and Space Science.
Gliese 581 d is probably too large to be made only of rocky material, fellow astronomer and team member Stephane Udry said, adding it was possible the planet had a "large and deep" ocean.
"It is the first serious 'water-world' candidate," Udry said.
Mayor's main planet-hunting competitor, Geoff Marcy of the University of California, Berkeley, praised the find of Gliese 581 e as "the most exciting discovery" so far of exoplanets — planets outside our solar system.
"This discovery is absolutely extraordinary," Marcy told The Associated Press by e-mail, calling the discoveries a significant step in the search for Earth-like planets.
While Gliese 581 e is too hot for life "it shows that nature makes such small planets, probably in large numbers," Marcy commented. "Surely the galaxy contains tens of billions of planets like the small, Earth-mass one announced here."
Nearly 350 planets have been found outside our solar system, but so far nearly every one of them was found to be extremely unlikely to harbor life.
Most were too close or too far from their sun, making them too hot or too cold for life. Others were too big and likely to be uninhabitable gas giants like Jupiter. Those that are too small are highly difficult to detect in the first place.
Both Gliese 581 d and Gliese 581 e are located in constellation Libra and orbit around Gliese 581.
Like other planets circling that star — scientists have discovered four so far — Gliese 581 e was found using the European Southern Observatory's telescope in La Silla, Chile.
The telescope has a special instrument which splits light to find wobbles in different wavelengths. Those wobbles can reveal the existence of other worlds.
"It is great work and shows the potential of this detection method," said Lisa Kaltenegger, an astronomer at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
___
Associated Press Science Writer Seth Borenstein contributed to this report from Washington.
07 April 2009
Code Switching and Code Mixing on Radio Broadcasting: Sociolinguistic Study by: Novi Siti Kussuji Indrastuti
1. Introduction
The world of electronic mass media in Indonesia progressively grows this last years. Electronic mass media has function to be entertainment amusement media, media of promotion and media of conveyor of journalistic masterpiece and also artistic. Broadcasting radio born because of the growth of electronic technology which applied in the form of communications technology, information and designed for processing of communications among people by emission or transmission through electromagnetic wave.
Output from broadcasting organization is broadcast. Every summit subject of broadcast planned, produced and presented to hearer with the message content having the character of informative, educative, persuasive, simulative and communicative (Wahyudi, 1994: 7). This broadcast is submitted by broadcaster and addressed to hearer by utilizing language medium. Thereby, language represents the very important element in radio broadcast, because only with the medium of language of information or message can be submitted to hearer.
Code switching and code mixing is often met in radio broadcast. Code switching and code mixing represent one of the forms from broadcaster creativity in language usage. There are some kinds of form code switching and code mixing in radio broadcast as according to function, target of or its importance each.
In this article, the writer will discuss case of code switching and code mixing on Yasika FM Radio Yogyakarta. It based on consideration code switching and code mixing that happen in broadcasting on Yasika FM Radio has the frequency which enough high if compared to the other radio stations in Yogyakarta.
2. Code Switching and Code Mixing
The meaning of code switching is switchover event from one code to other code (Suwito, 1985: 68). The forms of code switching are variant code, manner switching, style switching or register switching. According to Hymes (1975: 103) code switching represents the common term to mention the bilingual usage commutation or more, some variations of the from one language, or some style from one manner. Code switching happen if speaker, in this case broadcaster feel that situation is relevant with its code switchover. Appel (1976: 95) says that to do code switching represents the symptom of switchover of language usage because the change of situation.
There are two kinds of code switching, those are internal code switching and external code mixing (Suwito, 1985: 69). Intern code switching is code switching which happen between vernaculars in one national language, between dialects in one vernacular or among some manner and style which is in one dialect. External code switching is code switching which happen between original language and foreign language. Some factors becoming cause of the happening of code switching, for example speaker, fight against to say, attending the third person, topic, awaken to feel the humor and simply to be prestigious (Suwito, 1985: 72-74). In line with the opinion, Nababan (1984:7) says that there are some elements of influencing to do code switching those are topic, situation, target, band, and language manner.
Beside code switching, difference aspect of language interdependence is code mixing. The characteristic of code mixing depends on marked with the existence of interrelationship between role and language function.
There are two kinds of code mixing, those are inner code-mixing and outer code mixing (Suwito, 1985: 76). Inner code mixing is code mixing that happen because elements insertion stemming from original language with all its variation. Outer code mixing is code mixing that happen because elements insertion stemming from foreign language. As does code mixing, there are some causes pushing the happening of code mixing, for example identifying role, identify the manner. And also desire to explain and interpret it (Suwito, 1985: 77).
3. Code Switching and Code Mixing on Yasika FM Radio
Event of code switching and code mixing is enough dominant in so many summit subject broadcasted by Yasika FM Radio. There are some kinds of type and form of code switching and code mixing which emerge in this radio broadcast. But that way, in this article will only be taken by some example which is looked into can deputize the event of various code switching and code mixing.
3.1 Code Switching on Yasika FM Radio
Code switching on Yasika FM Radio is usually happen if at the time of event of song twiddling, a broadcaster will insert news. Code switching that happen here is internal code switching which is in the form of manner and style. Manner and style switching here happen caused by switchover of topic or a talking point. Code switching which is in the form of style and manner switching on Yasika Radio, also happen in moment submitted by a things having the character of religion, for example at the time of song twiddling later; then it is the time for echo the azan, hence broadcaster will alter the informal manner to formal manner and from easy going style to serious style.
External code mixing is also often happen Yasika Radio, namely code switching from Indonesian to English or on the contrary. That is in one of events is called "Yasika Three in One Show".
Code mixing on Yasika Radio is usually happen caused by elements insertion from English. Thereby, code switching that happen is external code mixing.
Besides code mixing goes out, broadcasting on Yasika Radio is also often met by the existence of code mixing. Code mixing happen by caused by elements insertion from Javanese, especially for the broadcast of having the character of humor.
The world of electronic mass media in Indonesia progressively grows this last years. Electronic mass media has function to be entertainment amusement media, media of promotion and media of conveyor of journalistic masterpiece and also artistic. Broadcasting radio born because of the growth of electronic technology which applied in the form of communications technology, information and designed for processing of communications among people by emission or transmission through electromagnetic wave.
Output from broadcasting organization is broadcast. Every summit subject of broadcast planned, produced and presented to hearer with the message content having the character of informative, educative, persuasive, simulative and communicative (Wahyudi, 1994: 7). This broadcast is submitted by broadcaster and addressed to hearer by utilizing language medium. Thereby, language represents the very important element in radio broadcast, because only with the medium of language of information or message can be submitted to hearer.
Code switching and code mixing is often met in radio broadcast. Code switching and code mixing represent one of the forms from broadcaster creativity in language usage. There are some kinds of form code switching and code mixing in radio broadcast as according to function, target of or its importance each.
In this article, the writer will discuss case of code switching and code mixing on Yasika FM Radio Yogyakarta. It based on consideration code switching and code mixing that happen in broadcasting on Yasika FM Radio has the frequency which enough high if compared to the other radio stations in Yogyakarta.
2. Code Switching and Code Mixing
The meaning of code switching is switchover event from one code to other code (Suwito, 1985: 68). The forms of code switching are variant code, manner switching, style switching or register switching. According to Hymes (1975: 103) code switching represents the common term to mention the bilingual usage commutation or more, some variations of the from one language, or some style from one manner. Code switching happen if speaker, in this case broadcaster feel that situation is relevant with its code switchover. Appel (1976: 95) says that to do code switching represents the symptom of switchover of language usage because the change of situation.
There are two kinds of code switching, those are internal code switching and external code mixing (Suwito, 1985: 69). Intern code switching is code switching which happen between vernaculars in one national language, between dialects in one vernacular or among some manner and style which is in one dialect. External code switching is code switching which happen between original language and foreign language. Some factors becoming cause of the happening of code switching, for example speaker, fight against to say, attending the third person, topic, awaken to feel the humor and simply to be prestigious (Suwito, 1985: 72-74). In line with the opinion, Nababan (1984:7) says that there are some elements of influencing to do code switching those are topic, situation, target, band, and language manner.
Beside code switching, difference aspect of language interdependence is code mixing. The characteristic of code mixing depends on marked with the existence of interrelationship between role and language function.
There are two kinds of code mixing, those are inner code-mixing and outer code mixing (Suwito, 1985: 76). Inner code mixing is code mixing that happen because elements insertion stemming from original language with all its variation. Outer code mixing is code mixing that happen because elements insertion stemming from foreign language. As does code mixing, there are some causes pushing the happening of code mixing, for example identifying role, identify the manner. And also desire to explain and interpret it (Suwito, 1985: 77).
3. Code Switching and Code Mixing on Yasika FM Radio
Event of code switching and code mixing is enough dominant in so many summit subject broadcasted by Yasika FM Radio. There are some kinds of type and form of code switching and code mixing which emerge in this radio broadcast. But that way, in this article will only be taken by some example which is looked into can deputize the event of various code switching and code mixing.
3.1 Code Switching on Yasika FM Radio
Code switching on Yasika FM Radio is usually happen if at the time of event of song twiddling, a broadcaster will insert news. Code switching that happen here is internal code switching which is in the form of manner and style. Manner and style switching here happen caused by switchover of topic or a talking point. Code switching which is in the form of style and manner switching on Yasika Radio, also happen in moment submitted by a things having the character of religion, for example at the time of song twiddling later; then it is the time for echo the azan, hence broadcaster will alter the informal manner to formal manner and from easy going style to serious style.
External code mixing is also often happen Yasika Radio, namely code switching from Indonesian to English or on the contrary. That is in one of events is called "Yasika Three in One Show".
Code mixing on Yasika Radio is usually happen caused by elements insertion from English. Thereby, code switching that happen is external code mixing.
Besides code mixing goes out, broadcasting on Yasika Radio is also often met by the existence of code mixing. Code mixing happen by caused by elements insertion from Javanese, especially for the broadcast of having the character of humor.
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